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<title>Muscogee language</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Muscogee language</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean languages</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Muscogee</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Creek (<a href="Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;"><span title="Creek-language text"><i lang="mus">Mvskoke</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[maskókî]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">East central <a href="Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, Muscogee and Seminole, south Alabama Creek, <a href="Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, Seminole of Brighton Reservation.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">100,000 <a href="Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee people</a> (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><400 (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a>

Eastern<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Muscogee</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Muscogee_Nation" title="Muscogee Nation">Muscogee Nation</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=308">mus</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mus" class="extiw external" title="iso639-3:mus">mus</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cree1270">cree1270</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2007">Muskogee</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;">Current geographic distribution of the Creek language</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;">Distribution of <a href="Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American languages</a> in Oklahoma</div></td></tr><tr></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">

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<p>The <b>Muscogee language</b> (also <b>Muskogee</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mus-Latn-fonipa">[maskóːgi]</span>, <span title="Creek-language text"><i lang="mus"><b>Mvskoke</b></i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mus-Latn-fonipa">[ma(ː)skóːgi]</span>), previously referred to by its <a href="Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a>, <b>Creek</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is spoken by <a href="Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a> (Creek) and <a href="Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> people, primarily in the <a href="US_states" class="mw-redirect" title="US states">US states</a> of <a href="Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> and <a href="Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.

</p><p>Muscogee was historically spoken by various constituent groups of the Muscogee confederacy in what are now <a href="Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> and <a href="Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>. In the early 18th century some Muscogee speakers began to join speakers of Hitchiti-Mikasuki in <a href="Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. Combining with other ethnicities there, they emerged as the <a href="Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a>. During the 1830s, the US government <a href="Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">forced</a> most Muscogee and Seminole to relocate west of the <a href="Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, with most forced into <a href="Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>.

</p><p>Muscogee is today spoken by fewer than 400 people, most of whom live in <a href="Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> and are members of the <a href="Muscogee_(Creek)_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee (Creek) Nation">Muscogee Nation</a> and the <a href="Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole Nation of Oklahoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-foo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some speakers of Muscogee are also members of the <a href="Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida" title="Seminole Tribe of Florida">Seminole Tribe of Florida</a>. The variety of Muscogee spoken by Seminoles in Oklahoma is sometimes referred to as "Seminole". Among Seminoles in Florida, Hitchiti-Mikasuki is the dominant language, however.

</p><p>Muscogee belongs to a family of languages known as <a href="Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a>. Muscogee is related to, but not mutually intelligible with, <a href="Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a>, <a href="Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a>, <a href="Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a>, <a href="Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a>, <a href="Apalachee_language" title="Apalachee language">Apalachee</a>, and <a href="Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Hitchiti-Mikasuki</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2></div>

<p>Muscogee is the primary heritage language of the Muscogee people. The Muscogee Nation offers free language classes and immersion camps to Muscogee children.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_programs">Language programs</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="College_of_the_Muscogee_Nation" title="College of the Muscogee Nation">College of the Muscogee Nation</a> offers a language certificate program.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Tulsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulsa">Tulsa</a> public schools, the <a href="University_of_Oklahoma" title="University of Oklahoma">University of Oklahoma</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Glenpool Library in Tulsa<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Holdenville,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Okmulgee, and Tulsa Muscogee Communities of the <a href="Muscogee_Nation" title="Muscogee Nation">Muscogee Nation</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offer Muscogee Creek language classes. In 2013, the <a href="Sapulpa%2C_Oklahoma" title="Sapulpa, Oklahoma">Sapulpa</a> Creek Community Center graduated a class of 14 from its Muscogee language class.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, 8 teachers graduated from a class put on by the Seminole nation at Seminole State College to try and reintroduce the Muscogee language to students in elementary and high school in several schools around the state.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div>

<p>The phoneme inventory of Muscogee consists of thirteen <a href="Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> and three <a href="Vowel_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel quality">vowel qualities</a>, which distinguish <a href="Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">length</a>, <a href="Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a> and <a href="Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also makes use of the <a href="Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a> of <a href="Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a>, <a href="Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricatives</a> and <a href="Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div>

<caption><a href="Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonant</a> <a href="Phonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemes">phonemes</a> of Muscogee<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_a_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</caption>

</th>

<th rowspan="2"><a href="Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a>

</th>

<th colspan="2"><a href="Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a>

</th>

<th rowspan="2"><a href="Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a>

</th>

<th rowspan="2"><a href="Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a>

</th>

<th rowspan="2"><a href="Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th><small><a href="Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">Central</a></small>

</th>

<th><small><a href="Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a></small>

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<th><a href="Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a>

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<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>

</th>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

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<th><a href="Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a>

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</td>

</td>

</td>

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</td>

<td>

</td>

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<th><a href="Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a>

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</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plosives">Plosives</h4></div>

<p>There are four voiceless stops in Muscogee: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p<span class="wrap"> </span>t<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>k/</span>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃ/</span> is a <a href="Voiceless_palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal affricate">voiceless palatal affricate</a> and patterns as a single consonant and so with the other voiceless stops. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃ/</span> has an <a href="Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> <a href="Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>]</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruent</a> consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p<span class="wrap"> </span>t<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>k/</span> are voiced to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b<span class="wrap"> </span>d<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʒ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ]</span> between <a href="Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a> and <a href="Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> but remain voiceless at the end of a <a href="Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Between instances of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</span>, or after <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span> at the end of a syllable, the velar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> is realized as the uvular <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a>]</span>. For example:<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>'his or her house'

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>'money'

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[toqnɑːwə]</span>

</td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fricatives">Fricatives</h4></div>

<p>There are four voiceless fricatives in Muscogee: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f<span class="wrap"> </span>s<span class="wrap"> </span>ɬ<span class="wrap"> </span>h/</span>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> can be realized as either labiodental <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</span> or bilabial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>]</span> in <a href="Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place of articulation</a>. Predominantly among speakers in Florida, the articulation of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> is more <a href="Laminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Laminal">laminal</a>, resulting in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> being realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</span>, but for most speakers, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> is a voiceless apico-alveolar fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, the glottal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> is sometimes realized as the uvular [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span>] when it is preceded by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span> or when syllable-final:<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>'chair'

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oχlejɡɪdə]</span>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><i>o<b>h</b>ɬolopi:</i>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>'year'

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oχɬolobiː]</span>

</td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sonorants">Sonorants</h4></div>

<p>The sonorants in Muscogee are two nasals (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>), two <a href="Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowels</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>), and the lateral <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>, all <a href="Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nasal assimilation occurs in Muscogee: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>]</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Sonorants are devoiced when followed by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> in the same syllable and results in a single voiceless consonant:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>'bell'

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃəm̥t͡ʃɑːɡə]</span>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>'a type of water bird'

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geminates">Geminates</h4></div>

<p>All plosives and fricatives in Muscogee can be <a href="Gemination" title="Gemination">geminated</a> (lengthened). Some sonorants may also be geminated, but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hh]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mm]</span> are less common than other sonorant geminates, especially in roots. For the majority of speakers, except for those influenced by the <a href="Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a> or <a href="Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a> languages, the geminate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ww]</span> does not occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_b_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_b-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3></div>

<p>The vowel phonemes of Muscogee are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_a_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<th>

</th>

<th><a href="Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a>

</th>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a>

</th>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a>

</th>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>There are three short vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ<span class="wrap"> </span>o/</span> and three long vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑː<span class="wrap"> </span>oː/</span>. There are also the nasal vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ĩ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>õ<span class="wrap"> </span>ĩː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ̃ː<span class="wrap"> </span>õː/</span> (in the linguistic orthography, they are often written with an <a href="Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogonek</a> under them or a following superscript "n"). Most occurrences of nasal vowels are the result of nasal assimilation or the nasalizing grade, but there are some forms that show contrast between oral and nasal vowels:<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_c_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_c-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>'our father'

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>'cutworm'

</td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Short_vowels">Short vowels</h4></div>

<p>The three short vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ<span class="wrap"> </span>o/</span> can be realized as the lax and centralized (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>ə<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊ]</span>) when a neighboring consonant is <a href="Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">coronal</a> or in closed syllables. However, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span> will generally not centralize when it is followed by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> in the same syllable, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> will generally remain noncentral if it is word-final.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_b_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_b-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial vowels can be deleted in Muscogee, mostly applying to the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>. The deletion will affect the pitch of the following syllable by creating a higher-than-expected pitch on the new initial syllable. Furthermore, initial vowel deletion in the case of single-morpheme, short words such as <i>ifa</i> 'dog' or <i>icó</i> 'deer' is impossible, as the shortest a Muscogee word can be is a one-syllable word ending in a long vowel (<i>fóː</i> 'bee') or a two-syllable word ending with a short vowel (<i>ací</i> 'corn').<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Long_vowels">Long vowels</h4></div>

<p>There are three long vowels in Muscogee (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑː<span class="wrap"> </span>oː/</span>), which are slightly longer than short vowels and are never centralized.

</p><p>Long vowels are rarely followed by a sonorant in the same syllable. Therefore, when syllables are created (often from suffixation or contractions) in which a long vowel is followed by a sonorant, the vowel is shortened:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>'to uncover, open'

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>'to be uncovered, open'

</td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h4></div>

<p>In Muscogee, there are three diphthongs, generally realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊj<span class="wrap"> </span>əʊ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nasal_vowels">Nasal vowels</h4></div>

<p>Both long and short vowels can be nasalized (the distinction between <span title="Creek-language text"><i lang="mus">acces</i></span> and <span title="Creek-language text"><i lang="mus">ącces</i></span> <a href="#Nonstandard_orthography">below</a>), but long nasal vowels are more common. Nasal vowels usually appear as a result of a contraction, as the result of a neighboring nasal consonant, or as the result of nasalizing grade, a grammatical <a href="Ablaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablaut">ablaut</a>, which indicates intensification through lengthening and nasalization of a vowel (<span title="Creek-language romanization"><i lang="mus-Latn">likoth-</i></span> 'warm' with the nasalizing grade intensifies the word to <span title="Creek-language text"><i lang="mus">likŏ:<sup>n</sup>th-os-i:</i></span> 'nice and warm').<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nasal vowels may also appear as part of a suffix that indicates a question (<span title="Creek-language text"><i lang="mus">o:sk-ihá:<sup>n</sup></i></span> 'I wonder if it's raining').<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_c_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_c-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tones">Tones</h4></div>

<p>There are three phonemic tones in Muscogee; they are generally unmarked except in the linguistic orthography: high (marked in the linguistic orthography with an <a href="Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>: <b>á</b>, etc.), low (unmarked: <b>a</b>, etc.), and falling (marked with a <a href="Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a>: <b>â</b>, etc.).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2></div>

<p>The traditional Muscogee <a href="Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> was adopted by many interpreters and chiefs as the "National Alphabet" in 1853<sup id="cite_ref-Innes_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Innes-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has 20 <a href="Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a>.

</p><p>Although it is based on the <a href="Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, some sounds like <b>c</b>, <b>e</b>, <b>i</b>, <b>r</b>, and <b>v</b> differ from those in <a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a>. Here are the (approximately) equivalent sounds using familiar English words and the <a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>:

</p>

<th>Spelling

</th>

<th>Sound (IPA)

</th>

<th>English equivalent

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td>like the "a" in f<u>a</u>ther

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td>like the "i" in h<u>i</u>t

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td>like the "ee" in s<u>ee</u>d

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td>like the "f" in <u>f</u>ather

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td>like the "h" in <u>h</u>atch

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛj</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span>:

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td>like the "k" in s<u>k</u>im

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td>like the "l" in <u>l</u>ook

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td>like the "m" in <u>m</u>oon

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td>like the "o" in b<u>o</u>ne or the "oo" in b<u>oo</u>k

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td>like the "p" in s<u>p</u>ot

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">a sound</a> that does not occur in English but is often represented as "hl" or "thl" in English spellings. The sound is made by blowing air around the sides of the tongue while pronouncing English <i>l</i> and is identical to <a href="Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> <i>ll</i>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td>like the "s" in <u>s</u>pot

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td>like the "t" in s<u>t</u>op

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td>like the "oo" in b<u>oo</u>k or the "oa" in b<u>oa</u>t

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td>like the "a" in <u>a</u>bout

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td>like the "w" in <u>w</u>et

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td>like the "y" in <u>y</u>et

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>There are also three vowel sequences whose spellings match their phonetic makeup:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<th>Spelling

</th>

<th>Sound (IPA)

</th>

<th>English equivalent

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td>similar to the exclamation "ew!". A combination of the sounds represented by <b>e</b> and <b>u</b>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants_2">Consonants</h3></div>

<p>As mentioned above, certain consonants in Muscogee, when they appear between two <a href="Sonorant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonorant consonant">sonorants</a> (a vowel or <b>m</b>, <b>n</b>, <b>l</b>, <b>w</b>, or <b>y</b>), become <a href="Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Innes_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Innes-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are the consonants represented by <b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>k</b>, <b>c</b>, and <b>s</b>:

</p>

<ul><li><b>c</b> can sound like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒ]</span>, the "j" in <u>j</u>ust</li>

<li><b>k</b> can sound like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span>, the "g" in <u>g</u>oat</li>

<li><b>p</b> can sound like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span>, the "b" in <u>b</u>oat</li>

<li><b>s</b> can sound like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span>, the "z" in <u>z</u>oo</li>

<li><b>t</b> can sound like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span>, the "d" in <u>d</u>ust</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_length">Vowel length</h3></div>

<p>While vowel length in Muscogee is distinctive, it is somewhat inconsistently indicated in the traditional spelling. The following basic correspondences can be noted:

</p>

<ul><li>The short vowel <b>v</b> with the long vowel <b>a</b> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> vs. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span>)</li>

<li>The short vowel <b>e</b> with the long vowel <b>ē</b> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> vs. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span>)</li>

<li>The short vowel <b>u</b> with the long vowel <b>o</b> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> vs. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span>)</li></ul>

<p>However, the correspondences do not always apply,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in some words, short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> is spelled <b>a</b>, long <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> is spelled <b>e</b>, and short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> is spelled <b>o</b>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonstandard_orthography">Nonstandard orthography</h3></div>

<p>Muscogee words carry distinctive <a href="Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a> and <a href="Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalization</a> of their vowels. These features are not usually marked in the traditional spelling, but may be indicated in dictionaries and linguistic publications. The following additional markers have been used by Martin (2000) and Innes (2004):

</p>

<ul><li><b>Falling tone</b> in a syllable is shown using a <a href="Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a>. In English, falling tone is found in phrases such as "uh-oh" or commands such as "stop!" In Muscogee, however, changing a verb such as <span title="Creek-language text"><i lang="mus">acces</i></span> ("she is putting on (a dress)") to <span title="Creek-language text"><i lang="mus">âcces</i></span> alters the meaning from one of process to one of state ("she is wearing (a dress)").</li>

<li><b>Nasalization</b> of a vowel is shown with an <a href="Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogonek</a> under the vowel. Changing the verb <span title="Creek-language text"><i lang="mus">acces</i></span> to <span title="Creek-language text"><i lang="mus">ącces</i></span> adds the <a href="Imperfective_aspect" title="Imperfective aspect">imperfective aspect</a>, a sense of repeated or habitual action ("she kept putting on (that same dress)").</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2></div>

<p>Muscogee verbs are highly <a href="Synthetic_language" title="Synthetic language">synthetic</a>, with many prefixes, suffixes, and infixes showing the person, number, and location of participants as well as the tense, aspect, and mood of the sentence. Nouns have fewer affixes, but compounding is used extensively.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order">Word order</h3></div>

<p>The basic order of elements in a sentence is <a href="Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Innes_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Innes-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<caption>Basic order of subject, object, and verb

</caption>

<td>Efvt

</td>

<td>pose

</td>

<td>lvstēn

</td>

<td>assēces.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>ifá-t

</td>

<td>pó:si

</td>

<td>lást-i:-n

</td>

<td>á:ssi:c-ís

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>dog-<small>SUBJECT</small>

</td>

<td>cat

</td>

<td>black-<small>DURATIVE-NONSUBJECT</small>

</td>

<td>chase.<small>LGR-INDICATIVE</small>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="4">The dog is chasing the black cat.

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>Subjects and objects are commonly omitted when they are clear from context, so that <i>Assēces</i> is complete as a sentence meaning ’he/she/it is chasing him/her/it’.

</p><p>The subject and object are noun phrases having words in the following order: (possessor or demonstrative) — noun — (adjective) — (numeral). <a href="Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverbs</a> tend to occur either at the beginning of the sentence (for time adverbs) or immediately before the verb (for manner adverbs). Muscogee uses postpositions instead of prepositions.

</p>

<p>Noun phrases may be marked with <a href="Clitic" title="Clitic">clitics</a> indicating the role of noun phrases in a sentence. The basic distinction is between subjects (which may end in <b>-t</b>) and nonsubjects (which may end in <b>-n</b>). Nonsubjects include direct objects, indirect objects, times, and places. In some situations, case marking is omitted. This is especially true of sentences with only one noun where the role of the noun is obvious from the personal marking on the verb. Case marking is also omitted on fixed phrases that use a noun, e.g. "go <i>to town</i>" or "build <i>a fire</i>".

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possession">Possession</h3></div>

<p>Possession in Muscogee is expressed in two quite different ways, depending on the nature of the relationship.

</p><p>A body part or family member cannot be named in Muscogee without relating it to a possessor. A set of prefixes is used in this type of relation to show the person and number of the possessor.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<caption>Relational possession

</caption>

<td>cv-

</td>

<td><b>cv</b>puse

</td>

<td>/ca-pósi/

</td>

<td>my grandmother

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>ce-

</td>

<td><b>ce</b>puse

</td>

<td>/ci-pósi/

</td>

<td>your grandmother

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>e-

</td>

<td><b>e</b>puse

</td>

<td>/i-pósi/

</td>

<td>his/her grandmother

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>pu-

</td>

<td><b>pu</b>puse

</td>

<td>/po-pósi/

</td>

<td>our grandmother

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><br>

Nouns other than body parts and kinship terms are generally possessed with a different set of markers.

</p>

<caption>Nonrelational possession

</caption>

<td>vm

</td>

<td><b>vm</b> efv

</td>

<td>/am-ífa/

</td>

<td>my dog

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>cem

</td>

<td><b>cem</b> efv

</td>

<td>/cim-ífa/

</td>

<td>your dog

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>em

</td>

<td><b>em</b> efv

</td>

<td>/im-ífa/

</td>

<td>his/her dog

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>pum

</td>

<td><b>pum</b> efv

</td>

<td>/pom-ífa/

</td>

<td>our dog

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Person_marking">Person marking</h3></div>

<p>Muscogee has three series of person markers on verbs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agent (type I) person markers generally show the person and number of subjects that perform an action on purpose. Agent person markers are suffixed to the verb root.

</p>

<caption>Agent person markers

</caption>

<td>-i

</td>

<td>Homp<b>i</b>s.

</td>

<td>/homp-éy-s/

</td>

<td>I am eating.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>-etsk

</td>

<td>Homp<b>etsk</b>es.

</td>

<td>/homp-íck-is/

</td>

<td>You are eating.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>(no mark)

</td>

<td>Hompes.

</td>

<td>/homp-ís/

</td>

<td>He/she/it is eating..

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>-ē

</td>

<td>Homp<b>ē</b>s.

</td>

<td>/homp-í:-s/

</td>

<td>We are eating.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>-atsk

</td>

<td>Homp<b>atsk</b>es.

</td>

<td>/homp-á:ck-is/

</td>

<td>You all are eating.

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The patient (type II) person markers often indicate the person and number of direct objects.

</p>

<caption>Patient person markers

</caption>

<td>cv-

</td>

<td><b>Cv</b>hēces.

</td>

<td>/ca-hî:c-is/

</td>

<td>He/she/it sees me.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>ce-

</td>

<td><b>Ce</b>hēces.

</td>

<td>/ci-hî:c-is/

</td>

<td>He/she/it sees you.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>(no mark)

</td>

<td>Hēces.

</td>

<td>/hî:c-is/

</td>

<td>He/she/it sees him/her.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>pu-

</td>

<td><b>Pu</b>hēces.

</td>

<td>/po-hî:c-is/

</td>

<td>He/she/it sees us.

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>A third series of dative (type D) person markers generally shows the person and number of the indirect object.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<caption>Dative person markers

</caption>

<td>vm

</td>

<td><b>Vm</b> opunayes.

</td>

<td>/am-ópona:y-ís/

</td>

<td>He/she is talking to me.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>cem

</td>

<td><b>Cem</b> opunayes.

</td>

<td>/cim-ópona:y-ís/

</td>

<td>He/she is talking to you.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>em

</td>

<td><b>Em</b> opunayes.

</td>

<td>/im-ópona:y-ís/

</td>

<td>He/she is talking to him/her.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>pum

</td>

<td><b>Pum</b> opunayes.

</td>

<td>/pom-ópona:y-ís/

</td>

<td>He/she is talking to us.

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenses">Tenses</h3></div>

<p>Verbs are listed in dictionaries in forms that end in <b>-etv</b> /-ita/. A verb like <b>nesetv</b> /nis-íta/ 'to buy' can appear in five past tense forms depending on how far back an event happened.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<caption>Tense forms of <i>nesetv</i> 'to buy'

</caption>

<th>Mvskoke

</th>

<th>

</th>

<th>English

</th>

<th>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>nesetv

</td>

<td>/nis-íta/

</td>

<td>to buy

</td>

<td><b>Infinitive</b>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>nēses

</td>

<td>/ni:s-ís/

</td>

<td>he/she is buying it

</td>

<td><b>Present</b>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>nehses

</td>

<td>/níhs-is/

</td>

<td>he/she bought it (today)

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>nēsvnks

</td>

<td>/nî:s-ánk-s/

</td>

<td>he/she bought it (recently)

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>nēsemvts

</td>

<td>/nî:s-imát-s

</td>

<td>he/she bought it (about a year ago)

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>nēsvntvs

</td>

<td>/nî:s-anta-s

</td>

<td>he/she bought (long ago)

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>nēsvtēs

</td>

<td>/ni:s-atí:-s

</td>

<td>he/she bought (very long ago)

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>nesvrēs

</td>

<td>/nis-áɬi:-s

</td>

<td>he/she will buy it

</td>

<td><b>Future</b>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_categories">Other categories</h3></div>

<p>Muscogee has suffixes at the ends of sentences indicating the functions of sentences. Statements end in <i>-(e)s</i>, questions seeking a yes or no answer end in -<i>v</i>, and singular commands end in -<i>vs</i>.

</p>

<caption>Mood forms of <i>nesetv</i> 'to buy'

</caption>

<th>Mvskoke

</th>

<th>

</th>

<th>English

</th>

<th>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>nēses

</td>

<td>/ni:s-ís/

</td>

<td>he/she is buying it

</td>

<td>statement

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>nēsv?

</td>

<td>/ni:s-a/

</td>

<td>is he/she buying it?

</td>

<td>question

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>nesvs!

</td>

<td>/nis-ás/

</td>

<td>buy it!

</td>

<td>command

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>Like other Muskogean languages, Muscogee has a system of ablaut or "grades" that indicate distinctions in <a href="Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">grammatical aspect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_a_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<caption>Grade forms of <i>wvnvyetv</i> 'to tie'

</caption>

<th>Mvskoke

</th>

<th>

</th>

<th>English

</th>

<th>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>wvnvyetv

</td>

<td>/wanay-itá/

</td>

<td>to tie

</td>

<td>infinitive

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>wvnvyvs

</td>

<td>/wanáy-as/

</td>

<td>tie it!

</td>

<td>zero grade

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>wvnayes

</td>

<td>/wana:y-ís/

</td>

<td>he/she is tying it

</td>

<td>lengthened grade

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>wvnahyes

</td>

<td>/wanáhy-is/

</td>

<td>he/she tied it (today/last night)

</td>

<td>aspirating grade

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>wvnayes

</td>

<td>/wanâ:y-is/

</td>

<td>he/she has tied it

</td>

<td>falling tone grade

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>wvnąyes

</td>

<td>/wanǎ:ⁿy-is/

</td>

<td>he/she keeps tying it

</td>

<td>nasalizing grade

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>Verbs in Muscogee sometimes have different forms when their subjects or objects are plural.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verbs like this generally describe position or motion.

</p>

<caption>Plural forms of verbs

</caption>

<th>singular subject

</th>

<th>dual subject

</th>

<th>triplural subject

</th>

<th>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>vretv

</td>

<td>welvketv

</td>

<td>fulletv

</td>

<td>to go about

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>hueretv

</td>

<td>sehoketv

</td>

<td>svpakletv

</td>

<td>to stand

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>letketv

</td>

<td>tokorketv

</td>

<td>pefatketv

</td>

<td>to run

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>wakketv

</td>

<td>wakhoketv

</td>

<td>lomhetv

</td>

<td>to lie

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2></div>

<p>The three main dialects of Muscogee are Muscogee proper (used in the Muscogee Nation), Oklahoma Seminole Muscogee, and Florida Seminole Muscogee.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most distinct dialect of the language is said to be that of the Florida Seminole, which is described as "rapid", "staccato" and "dental", with more loan words from Spanish and Mikasuki as opposed to English. Florida Seminole Muscogee is the most endangered variety of the Muscogee language.

</p>

<caption>Dialect differences

</caption>

<th>Muscogee proper

</th>

<th>Oklahoma Seminole

</th>

<th>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>cufonwv

</td>

<td>esropottv

</td>

<td>needle

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>kvpe

</td>

<td>’sokkoskv

</td>

<td>soap

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><a href="Claudio_Saunt" title="Claudio Saunt">Claudio Saunt</a>, writing about the language of the later 18th century, said that there were different feminine and masculine versions, which he also calls dialects, of the Muscogee language. Males "attach[ed] distinct endings to verbs", while females "accent[ed] different syllables". These forms, mentioned in the first (1860) grammar of the Muscogee language, persisted in the <a href="Hitchiti#Language" title="Hitchiti">Hichiti</a>, Muscogee proper, and <a href="Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a> languages at least into the first half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Saunt_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunt-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 141">: 141 </span></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2></div>

<caption>Common expressions

</caption>

<th>Mvskoke

</th>

<th>English

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Mvto!

</td>

<td>Thank you!

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Estonko!

</td>

<td>How are you!

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Hompvks cē!

</td>

<td>Y’all eat!

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Enka!

</td>

<td>Okay!

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Cehecarēs!

</td>

<td>I’ll see you!

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<caption>Family

</caption>

<th>Mvskoke

</th>

<th>English

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>erke

</td>

<td>father

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>ecke

</td>

<td>mother

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>pvwv

</td>

<td>maternal uncle

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>erkuce

</td>

<td>paternal uncle

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>eckuce

</td>

<td>maternal aunt

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>puca

</td>

<td>grandfather

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>puse

</td>

<td>grandmother, paternal aunt

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<caption>Numbers

</caption>

<th>Mvskoke

</th>

<th>English

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>hvmken

</td>

<td>one

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>hokkolen

</td>

<td>two

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>tuccēnen

</td>

<td>three

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>osten

</td>

<td>four

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>cahkēpen

</td>

<td>five

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>ēpaken

</td>

<td>six

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>kolvpaken

</td>

<td>seven

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>cenvpaken

</td>

<td>eight

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>ostvpaken

</td>

<td>nine

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>palen

</td>

<td>ten

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<caption>Months

</caption>

<th>Mvskoke

</th>

<th>English

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Rvfo ’Cuse

</td>

<td>January

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Hotvlē-Hvse

</td>

<td>February

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Tasahcuce

</td>

<td>March

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Tasahce-Rakko

</td>

<td>April

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Kē-Hvse

</td>

<td>May

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Kvco-Hvse

</td>

<td>June

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Hvyuce

</td>

<td>July

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Hvyo-Rakko

</td>

<td>August

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Otvwoskuce

</td>

<td>September

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Otvwoskv-Rakko

</td>

<td>October

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Eholē

</td>

<td>November

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Rvfo-Rakko

</td>

<td>December

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li><a href="Muscogee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee people">Muscogee people</a></li>

<li><a href="Creek_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek mythology">Creek mythology</a></li>

<li><a href="Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Mikasuki language</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>

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</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Muscogee Nation website</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Powell, Amy; Martin, Jack (May 17, 2024). "The Muscogee Language Documentation Project". William & Mary.</span>

</li>

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/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.muscogeenation.com">"Muscogee Citizen Data"</a>. <i>Muscogee Nation</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-foo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-foo_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Powell, Amy; Martin, Jack (May 17, 2024). "The Muscogee Language Documentation Project". William & Mary</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150715074343/http://www.muscogeenation-nsn.gov/Pages/Language/language.html">"Muscogee (Creek) Nation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muscogeenation-nsn.gov/Pages/Language/language.html">the original</a> on 2015-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-15</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mvsktc.org/academics.html">"Academics."</a> <i>College of the Muscogee Nation.</i> (retrieved 27 Dec 2010)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPratt,_Stacey2013" class="citation news cs1">Pratt, Stacey (2013-04-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tahlequahdailypress.com/local/x1915232574/Language-vital-part-of-cultural-identity">"Language vital part of cultural identity"</a>. <i>Tahlequah Daily Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-17</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ou.edu/anthropology/Programs/Native_Language/creek.html">"Creek,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110224054236/http://www.ou.edu/anthropology/Programs/Native_Language/creek.html">Archived</a> 2011-02-24 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>University of Oklahoma: The Department of Anthropology.</i>(retrieved 27 Dec 2010)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nativetimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2338:library-presents-mvskoke-creek-language-class&catid=43&Itemid=19">"Library Presents Mvskoke (Creek) Language Class."</a> <i>Native American Times.</i> 8 Sept 2009 (retrieved 27 Dec 2010)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themuscogeecreeknation.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=178%3Aholdenville-indian-community&catid=37%3Acommunities&Itemid=12">"Holdenville Indian Community."</a> <i>Muscogee (Creek) Nation.</i> (retrieved 27 Dec 2010)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themuscogeecreeknation.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=279&Itemid=12">"Thunder Road Theater Company to perform plays in the Mvskoke (Creek) Language."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150715090413/http://www.themuscogeecreeknation.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=279&Itemid=12">Archived</a> 2015-07-15 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Muscogee (Creek) Nation.</i> (retrieved 27 Dec 2010)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2013" class="citation news cs1">Brock, John (2013-08-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130823224113/http://www.sapulpaheraldonline.com/articles/2013/08/17/news/doc520f9abf0671b330695807.txt">"Creek language class graduates 14"</a>. <i><a href="Sapulpa_Daily_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapulpa Daily Herald">Sapulpa Herald Online</a></i>. <a href="Sapulpa%2C_Oklahoma" title="Sapulpa, Oklahoma">Sapulpa, Oklahoma</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sapulpaheraldonline.com/articles/2013/08/17/news/doc520f9abf0671b330695807.txt">the original</a> on 2013-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-23</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy 2005:211-12</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, p. 50–51</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Martin_a-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_a_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_a_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_a_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, p. 83</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, p.48-49</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, p. 62</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Martin-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, p. 63</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, p. 49</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, p.49-50</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, p.64</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Martin_b-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_b_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_b_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, p. 51</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Martin_c-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_c_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_c_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, p. 168-169</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, pp. 64, 72-23</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, p. 64–65</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, p. 183</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, pp. 53–54, 95</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Innes-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Innes_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Innes_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Innes_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin 2011, p. 22</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy 2005, pg. 202</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy 2005, pp. 201-2</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, Jack B., and Margaret McKane Mauldin. 2001. Creek. <i>Facts about the World’s Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World’s Major Languages, Past and Present</i>. Jane Garry and Carl Rubino, eds., 173–176. New York / Dublin: H. W. Wilson.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMartinMauldin2000" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Jack B.; Mauldin, Margaret MacKane (2000). <i>A dictionary of Creek/Muskogee: with notes on the Florida and Oklahoma Seminole dialect of Creek</i>. Studies in the anthropology of North American Indians (1. Nebraska paperback print ed.). Lincoln, Neb: Univ. of Nebraska Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8032-8302-2</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Saunt-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saunt_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSaunt1999" class="citation book cs1">Saunt, Claudio (1999). <i>A New Order of Things. Property, Power, and the Transformation of the Creek Indians, 1733–1810</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0521660432</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div><p><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Mary_Haas" title="Mary Haas">Haas, Mary R</a>. and James H. Hill. 2014. Creek (Muskogee) Texts.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edited and translated by Jack B. Martin, Margaret McKane Mauldin, and Juanita McGirt. UC Publications in Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHardy2005" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, Donald E. (January 2005). "Creek". In Hardy, Heather K.; Scancarelli, Janine (eds.). <i>Native Languages of the Southeastern United States</i>. Lincoln, NE: <a href="University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a> (published 2005). pp. <span class="nowrap">200–</span>245. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0803242352</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonMartin,_Jack2001" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Keith; Martin, Jack (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626050128/http://corpus.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~kjohnson/papers/vow_reduct.pdf">"Acoustic Vowel Reduction in Creek: Effects of Distinctive Length and Position in the Word"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Phonetica</i>. <b>58</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">81–</span>102. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000028489">10.1159/000028489</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11096370">11096370</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38872292">38872292</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corpus.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~kjohnson/papers/vow_reduct.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-06-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-26</span></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFInnesLinda_AlexanderBertha_Tilkens2004" class="citation book cs1">Innes, Pamela; Linda Alexander; Bertha Tilkens (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beginningcreekmv0056inne"><i>Beginning Creek: Mvskoke Emponvkv</i></a></span>. Norman, OK: <a href="University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8061-3583-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLoughridgeDavid_M._Hodge1964" class="citation book cs1">Loughridge, R.M.; David M. Hodge (1964). <i>Dictionary Muskogee and English</i>. Okmulgee, OK: Baptist Home Mission Board.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMartin2011" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Jack B. (2011). <i>A Grammar of Creek (Muskogee)</i>. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780803211063</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMartinMargaret_McKane_Mauldin2000" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Jack B.; Margaret McKane Mauldin (2000). <i>A Dictionary of Creek/Muskogee</i>. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8032-8302-4</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/mus" class="extiw external" title="incubator:Wp/mus">Muscogee language test</a></b></i> of <a href="Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw external" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of an 1879 <i><a href="American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="American Cyclopædia">American Cyclopædia</a></i> article about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Creeks" class="extiw external" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Creeks">Muscogee language</a></b></i>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mvskokeopunvkv.com/">Mvskoke Opunvkv</a>, Mvskoke Language Department of the Muscogee Nation</li>

<li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muskogee.pages.wm.edu/">Muscogee (Seminole/Creek) Documentation Project</a>. This site provides links to many older materials, a dictionary, interviews, and learning materials.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muscogeenation-nsn.gov/">Muskogee (Creek) Nation</a>, official website</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609133339/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~kjohnson/papers/vow_reduct.pdf">Acoustic vowel reduction in Creek: Effects of distinctive length and position in the word</a> (pdf)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_mus_vertxt-3">Mvskoke Nakcokv Eskerretv Esvhokkolat. Creek Second Reader. (1871)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_mus_gen-1">Muskogee Genesis Translation</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.language-archives.org/language/mus">OLAC resources in and about the Creek language</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Muscogee_Creek_Confederacy298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee Creek Confederacy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%">Four mother towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abihka" title="Abihka">Abihka</a></li>

<li><a href="Coweta_tribal_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Coweta tribal town">Coweta</a></li>

<li><a href="Cusseta%2C_Creek_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusseta, Creek Nation">Kasihta</a></li>

<li><a href="Tukabatchee" title="Tukabatchee">Tukabatchee</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%"><a href="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands">Groups and towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alabama_people" title="Alabama people">Alabama</a></li>

<li><a href="Apalachicola_(tribal_town)" title="Apalachicola (tribal town)">Apalachicola</a></li>

<li><a href="Coushatta" title="Coushatta">Coushatta</a></li>

<li><a href="Eufaula_people" title="Eufaula people">Eufaula</a></li>

<li><a href="Fowltown" class="mw-redirect" title="Fowltown">Fowltown</a> (four locations)</li>

<li><a href="Hitchiti" title="Hitchiti">Hitchiti</a></li>

<li><a href="Miccosukee" title="Miccosukee">Miccosukee</a></li>

<li><a href="Muklassa" title="Muklassa">Muklassa</a></li>

<li><a href="Muscogee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee people">Muscogee</a></li>

<li><a href="Okchai" title="Okchai">Okchai</a></li>

<li><a href="Okfuskee" title="Okfuskee">Okfuskee</a></li>

<li><a href="Prospect_Bluff_Historic_Sites" title="Prospect Bluff Historic Sites">Prospect Bluff Historic Sites</a></li>

<li><a href="Sabacola" title="Sabacola">Sabacola</a></li>

<li><a href="Tallapoosas" title="Tallapoosas">Tallapoosa</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribal_town" title="Tribal town">Tribal town</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Josiah_Francis_(Hillis_Hadjo)" title="Josiah Francis (Hillis Hadjo)">Josiah Francis</a> (Francis the Prophet)</li>

<li><a href="William_McIntosh" title="William McIntosh">William McIntosh</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_McQueen" title="Peter McQueen">Peter McQueen</a></li>

<li><a href="Menawa" title="Menawa">Menawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Neamathla" title="Neamathla">Neamathla</a></li>

<li><a href="Osceola" title="Osceola">Osceola</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Weatherford" title="William Weatherford">William Weatherford</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%"><a href="Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a></li>

<li><a href="Apalachee_language" title="Apalachee language">Apalachee</a></li>

<li><a href="Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li>

<li><a href="Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Mikasuki-Hitchiti</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Creek_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek mythology">Religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li>

<li><a href="Stomp_dance" title="Stomp dance">Stomp dance</a></li>

<li><a href="College_of_the_Muscogee_Nation" title="College of the Muscogee Nation">College of the Muscogee Nation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Pisgah_phase" title="Pisgah phase">Pisgah phase</a></li>

<li><a href="Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah</a></li>

<li><a href="Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li>

<li><a href="Long_Swamp_Site" title="Long Swamp Site">Long Swamp Site</a></li>

<li><a href="Apalachicola_Province" title="Apalachicola Province">Apalachicola Province</a> (predecessor to Lower Towns)</li>

<li><a href="Chiaha" title="Chiaha">Chiaha</a></li>

<li><a href="Leon-Jefferson_culture" title="Leon-Jefferson culture">Leon-Jefferson culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Taliwa" title="Battle of Taliwa">Battle of Taliwa</a></li>

<li><a href="State_of_Muskogee" title="State of Muskogee">State of Muskogee</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Forbes_and_Company#The_Forbes_land_grants" title="John Forbes and Company">Forbes purchase</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_Sticks" title="Red Sticks">Red Sticks</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_Stick_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Stick War">Red Stick War</a> (Creek civil war)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Burnt_Corn" title="Battle of Burnt Corn">Battle of Burnt Corn</a></li>

<li><a href="Fort_Mims_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Mims Massacre">Fort Mims Massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="Kimbell-James_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimbell-James Massacre">Kimbell-James Massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)">Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)</a></li>

<li><a href="Prospect_Bluff_Historic_Sites" title="Prospect Bluff Historic Sites">Prospect Bluff Historic Sites</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Ocheesee" title="Battle of Ocheesee">Battle of Ocheesee</a></li>

<li><a href="Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li>

<li><a href="Creek_War_of_1836" title="Creek War of 1836">Creek War of 1836</a></li>

<li><a href="Creek_National_Capitol" title="Creek National Capitol">Creek National Capitol</a></li>

<li><a href="Crazy_Snake_Rebellion" title="Crazy Snake Rebellion">Crazy Snake Rebellion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%">Politics and law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Treaty_of_New_York_(1790)" title="Treaty of New York (1790)">Treaty of New York (1790)</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Fort_Jackson" title="Treaty of Fort Jackson">Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814)</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Nicolls'_Outpost" title="Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost">Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost</a> (unratified)</li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Moultrie_Creek" title="Treaty of Moultrie Creek">Treaty of Moultrie Creek</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Washington_(1826)" title="Treaty of Washington (1826)">Treaty of Washington (1826)</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Cusseta" title="Treaty of Cusseta">Treaty of Cusseta</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Oklahoma_Tax_Commission_v._United_States" title="Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States">Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Sharp_v._Murphy" title="Sharp v. Murphy">Sharp v. Murphy</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%"><a href="List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the United States">Federally recognized tribes</a> (20th century)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alabama-Coushatta_Tribe_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas">Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas</a></li>

<li><a href="Alabama-Quassarte_Tribal_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town">Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town</a></li>

<li><a href="Coushatta_Tribe_of_Louisiana" title="Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana">Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana</a></li>

<li><a href="Kialegee_Tribal_Town" title="Kialegee Tribal Town">Kialegee Tribal Town</a></li>

<li><a href="Muscogee_(Creek)_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee (Creek) Nation">Muscogee (Creek) Nation</a></li>

<li><a href="Poarch_Band_of_Creek_Indians" title="Poarch Band of Creek Indians">Poarch Band of Creek Indians</a></li>

<li><a href="Thlopthlocco_Tribal_Town" title="Thlopthlocco Tribal Town">Thlopthlocco Tribal Town</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Oklahoma325" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages_of_Oklahoma325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Languages_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Oklahoma">Languages</a> of <a href="Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a></li>

<li><a href="Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Unami_language" title="Unami language">Delaware</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li>

<li><a href="Fox_language" title="Fox language">Mesquakie</a></li>

<li><a href="Ottawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa language">Ottawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Kitsai_language" title="Kitsai language">Kitsai</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Pawnee_language" title="Pawnee language">Pawnee</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a>*</li>

<li><a href="Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li>

<li><a href="Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a>*</li>

<li><a href="Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Hitchiti-Mikasuki</a></li>

<li><a href="Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Plains_Apache_language" title="Plains Apache language">Plains Apache</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Chiwere_language" title="Chiwere language">Chiwere</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Kansa_language" title="Kansa language">Kansa</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Omaha-Ponca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Omaha-Ponca language">Ponca</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Quapaw_language" title="Quapaw language">Quapaw</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b>Other</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li>

<li><a href="Kiowa_language" title="Kiowa language">Kiowa</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a>

<ul><li><a href="Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_English" title="American English">English</a></li>

<li><a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPowellMartin2024" class="citation web cs1">Powell, Amy; Martin, Jack (May 17, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wm.edu/as/news/2023-2024/the-muscogee-language-documentation-project.php">"The Muscogee Language Documentation Project"</a>. <i>William & Mary</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muskogee.blogs.wm.edu/haas-hill-texts/">"Haas/Hill texts - Muskogee (Seminole/Creek) Documentation Project"</a>. <i>Muskogee (Seminole/Creek) Documentation Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-22</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-23" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Muscogee_language&oldid=1302181118">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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